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CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Some Uncertain Concepts
   • The Pyloric Antrum
   • Discussion
   • References
   • What is a Sphincter?
   • Discussion
   • References
   • Peristalsis
   • Discussion
   • References
3. The Walls of the Stomach and Duodenum
   • Serous Coat
   • Muscular Coat or Muscularis Externa
     • Morbid Anatomical Study
     • Development of Musculature
   • Discussion
     • Sphincteric Mechanism at Pylorus
     • Terminology
   • References
4. The Submucous Coat
   • Stomach
   • Duodenum
   • Discussion
   • References
5. The Mucous Membrane or Mucosa
   • Stomach
     • Muscularis Mucosae
     • Lamina Propria
     • Epithelial Lining
     • Three Mucosal Zones
     • Anatomical Extent and Boundaries of the Pyloric Mucosal Zone
   • Duodenum
     • Muscularis Mucosae
     • Lamina Propria
     • Epithelial Lining
     • Additional Features of the Mucosa
   • Discussion
   • References
6. Electrical Potential Difference at the Gastroduodenal Mucosal Junction
   • Discussion
   • References
7. Arteries, Veins, Lymphatics
   • Arterial Supply
   • Venous Drainage
   • Lymphatic Drainage
   • Discussion
   • References
8. Nerves
   • Parasympathetic Nerve Supply
     • Anterior Vagus
     • Posterior Vagus
     • Parasympathetic Ganglia
   • Discussion
   • Sympathetic Nerve Supply
     • Sympathetic Ganglia
   • Discussion
   • Peptidergic System
   • References
9. Regulatory Peptides
   • Gastrin
   • Somatostasin
   • Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
   • Substance P
   • Enkephalin
   • Galanin
   • Neurotensin
   • Discussion
   • References
10. Ultrasonography of Normal Anatomy
    • Conventional Surface Ultrasonography of the Normal Infantile Pylorus
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Endoscopic Ultrasonography of the Layer Structure of the Gastric Walls
    • Discussion
    • References
11. Anatomy of the Pyloric Ring
    • Radiographic Anatomy
      • Present Investigations
    • Microscopic Anatomy
      • Present Investigations
    • Sonographic Anatomy
      • Present Investigations
    • Discussion
    • References
12. The Pylorus at Rest: Open or Closed?
    • Present Investigations
      • Patients and Methods
      • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
13. Radiographic Examination of Normal Motility
    • Validation Studies
    • Intraluminal Pressure Profiles
      • Patients, Materials and Methods
      • Results in Stomach
      • Conclusion
      • Results in Duodenum
      • Conclusion
    • Living Anatomical Studies
      • Patients, Materials and Methods
      • Results
      • Conclusion
    • Motor Divisions of Stomach
      • Fornix
      • Corpus and Sinus
      • Distal 3-4 cm
      • Do Gastric Peristaltic Waves Progress as Far as the Pyloric Aperture?
    • Discussion
    • Contraction Patterns of Distal 3-4 cm of Stomach
      • Radiological Studies
      • Patients and Methods
      • Results
      • Mucosal Movements
    • References
14. The Pylorus at Gastroscopy
    • Discussion
    • References
15. Manometry at the Gastroduodenal Junction
    • Discussion
    • References
16. Myoelectric Activity at the Gastroduodenal Junction
    • Discussion
    • References
17. Ultrasonography of Pyloric Motility and Gastric Emptying
    • Discussion
    • References
18. Radionuclides in the Investigation of Gastric Emptying
    • Emptying of Solids and Liquids
    • Discussion
    • References
19. Gastric Tone and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Determination of Tone
    • Discussion
      • Hypotonicity
      • Hypertonicity
    • References
20. Pylorospasm
    • Radiological Features
    • Problems of Definition
    • Patients and Methods
    • Discussion
    • Pathogenesis
    • Ultrosonic Features
    • Operative and Experimental Features
    • Discussion
    • References
21. Congenital Anomalies
    • Pyloric Atresia
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Duplications
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Congenital Double Pylorus
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Pyloric Membrane, Web or Diaphragm
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue
    • Discussion
    • References
22. Partial or Intramural Gastric Diverticulum
    • Discussion
    • References
23. Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
    • Anatomical Localization and Radiographic Features
    • Anatomical Localization and Ultrasonic Features
    • Pathogenesis and Etiology
    • Discussion
      • Pathogenesis
      • Etiology
    • Conclusion
    • References
24. Adult Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
    • Discussion
      • Types of AHPS
      • Associated Lesions
      • Relationship to Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
      • Anatomical Localization and Operative Features
      • Radiographic Features
      • The Pathogenesis and Etiology
    • References
25. Focal Hypertrophy and Focal Spasm of the Pyloric Musculature in Adults
    • Discussion
    • References
26. Nausea, Retching and Vomiting
    • Nausea
    • Retching
    • Vomiting
    • Discussion
    • References
27. Duodenogastric Reflux
    • Previous Tests
    • A Double-Contrast Radiographic Test for Duodenogastric Reflux
      • Advantages
      • Disadvantages
      • Results in Normal Subjects
      • Results in Patients
    • Subsequent Tests
    • Discussion
    • References
28. Gastritis and Erosions in the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Present Investigations
      • Patients and Methods
    • Discussion
    • References
29. Gastric Ulceration and th Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Gastric Ulceration Proximal to the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Discussion
    • Gastric Ulceration Within the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Discussion
    • References
30. Duodenal Ulceration and th Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Present Investigations
      • Patients and Methods
    • Discussion
    • References
31. Pyloroduodenal Fistula or Acquired Double Pylorus
    • Discussion
    • References
32. Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Hiatus Hernia in Infants
    • Hiatus Hernia in Adults
    • Radiographic Studies
      • Patients and Methods
    • Experimental Studies
      • Materials and Methods
      • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
33. Pyloric Carcinoma
    • Present Investigations
      • Patients and Methods
    • Results
      • Pyloric Region
    • Results
      • Duodenum
    • Discussion
      • Role of Radiography
      • Emptying of Liquids and Solids
      • Duodenal Spread
    • Extent of Duodenal Spread as Determined Microscopically
    • Route of Spread
    • Does a Duodenal Barrier Exist?
    • Duodenal Spread and Brunner's Glands
    • Epidermal Growth Factor in Gastric Carcinoma
    • Brunner's Glands and Epidermal Growth Factor
    • Conclusion: Pyloric Carcinoma, Brunner's Glands and Epidermal Growth Factor
    • References
34. Malignant Lymphoma
    • Discussion
    • References
35. Malignancy at the Gastro-Oesophageal Junction
    • Discussion
    • References
36. Sessile Polyps in the Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
    • Discussion
    • References
37. Diabetes Mellitus
    • Discussion
    • References
38. Prolapse of Gastric Mucosa into the Duodenum
    • Normal Mobility of the Mucosa
    • Pathoanatomical Diagnosis
    • Surgical Diagnosis
    • Gastroscopic Diagnosis
    • Radiological Diagnosis
    • Discussion
      • Types and Grades of Prolapse
      • Relationship to Cyclical Activity of Sphincteric Cylinder
      • The Radiological Differential Diagnosis
      • Associated Gastroduodenal Lesions
      • Possible True Complications
      • Malignancy and Prolapse of Gastric Mucosa
    • References
39. Acid Corrosive Injuries and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
    • Discussion
    • References
    
    

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