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CONTENTS
Introduction
Some Uncertain Concepts
The Pyloric Antrum
Discussion
References
What is a Sphincter?
Discussion
References
Peristalsis
Discussion
References
The Walls of the Stomach and Duodenum
Serous Coat
Muscular Coat or Muscularis Externa
Morbid Anatomical Study
Development of Musculature
Discussion
Sphincteric Mechanism at Pylorus
Terminology
References
The Submucous Coat
Stomach
Duodenum
Discussion
References
The Mucous Membrane or Mucosa
Stomach
Muscularis Mucosae
Lamina Propria
Epithelial Lining
Three Mucosal Zones
Anatomical Extent and Boundaries of the Pyloric Mucosal Zone
Duodenum
Muscularis Mucosae
Lamina Propria
Epithelial Lining
Additional Features of the Mucosa
Discussion
References
Electrical Potential Difference at the Gastroduodenal Mucosal Junction
Discussion
References
Arteries, Veins, Lymphatics
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Discussion
References
Nerves
Parasympathetic Nerve Supply
Anterior Vagus
Posterior Vagus
Parasympathetic Ganglia
Discussion
Sympathetic Nerve Supply
Sympathetic Ganglia
Discussion
Peptidergic System
References
Regulatory Peptides
Gastrin
Somatostasin
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Substance P
Enkephalin
Galanin
Neurotensin
Discussion
References
Ultrasonography of Normal Anatomy
Conventional Surface Ultrasonography of the Normal Infantile Pylorus
Discussion
References
Endoscopic Ultrasonography of the Layer Structure of the Gastric Walls
Discussion
References
Anatomy of the Pyloric Ring
Radiographic Anatomy
Present Investigations
Microscopic Anatomy
Present Investigations
Sonographic Anatomy
Present Investigations
Discussion
References
The Pylorus at Rest: Open or Closed?
Present Investigations
Patients and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Radiographic Examination of Normal Motility
Validation Studies
Intraluminal Pressure Profiles
Patients, Materials and Methods
Results in Stomach
Conclusion
Results in Duodenum
Conclusion
Living Anatomical Studies
Patients, Materials and Methods
Results
Conclusion
Motor Divisions of Stomach
Fornix
Corpus and Sinus
Distal 3-4 cm
Do Gastric Peristaltic Waves Progress as Far as the Pyloric Aperture?
Discussion
Contraction Patterns of Distal 3-4 cm of Stomach
Radiological Studies
Patients and Methods
Results
Mucosal Movements
References
The Pylorus at Gastroscopy
Discussion
References
Manometry at the Gastroduodenal Junction
Discussion
References
Myoelectric Activity at the Gastroduodenal Junction
Discussion
References
Ultrasonography of Pyloric Motility and Gastric Emptying
Discussion
References
Radionuclides in the Investigation of Gastric Emptying
Emptying of Solids and Liquids
Discussion
References
Gastric Tone and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Determination of Tone
Discussion
Hypotonicity
Hypertonicity
References
Pylorospasm
Radiological Features
Problems of Definition
Patients and Methods
Discussion
Pathogenesis
Ultrosonic Features
Operative and Experimental Features
Discussion
References
Congenital Anomalies
Pyloric Atresia
Discussion
References
Duplications
Discussion
References
Congenital Double Pylorus
Discussion
References
Pyloric Membrane, Web or Diaphragm
Discussion
References
Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue
Discussion
References
Partial or Intramural Gastric Diverticulum
Discussion
References
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Anatomical Localization and Radiographic Features
Anatomical Localization and Ultrasonic Features
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Discussion
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Conclusion
References
Adult Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Discussion
Types of AHPS
Associated Lesions
Relationship to Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Anatomical Localization and Operative Features
Radiographic Features
The Pathogenesis and Etiology
References
Focal Hypertrophy and Focal Spasm of the Pyloric Musculature in Adults
Discussion
References
Nausea, Retching and Vomiting
Nausea
Retching
Vomiting
Discussion
References
Duodenogastric Reflux
Previous Tests
A Double-Contrast Radiographic Test for Duodenogastric Reflux
Advantages
Disadvantages
Results in Normal Subjects
Results in Patients
Subsequent Tests
Discussion
References
Gastritis and Erosions in the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Present Investigations
Patients and Methods
Discussion
References
Gastric Ulceration and th Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Gastric Ulceration Proximal to the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Discussion
Gastric Ulceration Within the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Discussion
References
Duodenal Ulceration and th Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Present Investigations
Patients and Methods
Discussion
References
Pyloroduodenal Fistula or Acquired Double Pylorus
Discussion
References
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Hiatus Hernia in Infants
Hiatus Hernia in Adults
Radiographic Studies
Patients and Methods
Experimental Studies
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Pyloric Carcinoma
Present Investigations
Patients and Methods
Results
Pyloric Region
Results
Duodenum
Discussion
Role of Radiography
Emptying of Liquids and Solids
Duodenal Spread
Extent of Duodenal Spread as Determined Microscopically
Route of Spread
Does a Duodenal Barrier Exist?
Duodenal Spread and Brunner's Glands
Epidermal Growth Factor in Gastric Carcinoma
Brunner's Glands and Epidermal Growth Factor
Conclusion: Pyloric Carcinoma, Brunner's Glands and Epidermal Growth Factor
References
Malignant Lymphoma
Discussion
References
Malignancy at the Gastro-Oesophageal Junction
Discussion
References
Sessile Polyps in the Sphincteric Cylinder
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Discussion
References
Diabetes Mellitus
Discussion
References
Prolapse of Gastric Mucosa into the Duodenum
Normal Mobility of the Mucosa
Pathoanatomical Diagnosis
Surgical Diagnosis
Gastroscopic Diagnosis
Radiological Diagnosis
Discussion
Types and Grades of Prolapse
Relationship to Cyclical Activity of Sphincteric Cylinder
The Radiological Differential Diagnosis
Associated Gastroduodenal Lesions
Possible True Complications
Malignancy and Prolapse of Gastric Mucosa
References
Acid Corrosive Injuries and the Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder
Discussion
References
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